Резюме

Особливості метаболічного синдрому (МС) полягають в пов’язаному з ним ризику серцево-судинних захворювань і цукрового діабету 2-го типу, а також інших шкідливих станів, таких як неалкогольна жирова хвороба печінки тощо. У даній статті надані наявні наукові докази зв’язку між змінами способу життя та МС та його компонентами, щоб отримати рекомендації щодо профілактики та лікування МС. Зниження маси тіла (МТ) за рахунок дієт з обмеженим споживанням калорій разом із збільшенням витрат енергії через фізичну активність доведено сприяє профілактиці та лікуванню МС. Середземноморська дієта з або без обмеження калорій є ефективним компонентом лікування за рахунок збільшеного споживання ненасичених жирів, насамперед з оливкової олії, та акценту на споживанні бобових, цільнозернових круп, фруктів, овочів, горіхів, риби та нежирних молочних продуктів, а також помірного вживання алкоголю. Інші схеми харчування (DASH, скандинавська та вегетаріанська дієти) також запропоновані як альтернатива для лікування та профілактики МС. Обов’язковою умовою успішного лікування є відмова від паління та зменшення споживання підсолоджених напоїв. Не у всіх пацієнтів дані підходи є дієвими, тому необхідні додаткові дослідження, щоб визначити найбільш прийнятну терапію МС. Здоровий спосіб життя має вирішальне значення для запобігання або відстрочення початку МС у сприйнятливих осіб та запобігання серцево-судинним захворюванням і цукрового діабету 2-го типу в тих, хто вже має МС. Рекомендації, надані в цій статті, повинні допомогти пацієнтам та лікарям зрозуміти та застосувати найефективніші підходи до зміни способу життя, щоб запобігти МС та покращити кардіометаболічний стан.

Література

1. Balkau B. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) / B. Balkau, M. A. Charles // Diabetic medicine. – 1999. – Vol. 16, N 5. – P. 442–443. – DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00059.x
2. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man / D. R. Matthews, J. P. Hosker, A. S. Rudenski [et al.] // Diabetologia. – 1985. – Vol. 28. – P. 412–419.
3. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) // JAMA. – 2001. – Vol. 285, N 19. – P. 2486–2497. – DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
4. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus / S. Genuth, K. G. Alberti, P. Bennett [et al.] // Diabetes Care. – 2003. – Vol. 26, N 11. – P. 3160–3167. – DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160
5. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity / K. G. Alberti, R. H. Eckel, S. M. Grundy [et al.] // Circulation. – 2009. – Vol. 120, N 16. – P. 1640–1645. – DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644
6. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999–2010 / H. Beltran-Sanchez, M. O. Harhay, M. M. Harhay [et al.] // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. – 2013. – Vol. 62, N 8. – P. 697–703. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.064
7. Metabolic syndrome and non-cardiac vascular diseases: an update from human studies / N. Katsiki, V. G. Athyros, A. Karagiannis, D. P. Mikhailidis // Current Pharmaceuti- cal Design. – 2014. – Vol. 20. – P. 4944–4952. – DOI: 10 .2174/1381612819666131206100750
8. Main characteristics of metabolically obese normal weight and metabolically healthy obese phenotypes / T. F. Teixeira, R. D. Alves, A. P. Moreira, M. C. G. Peluzio // Nutrition review. – 2015. – Vol. 73, N 3. – P. 175–190. – DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu007
9. Prakaschandra R. D. The Association of Epicardial Adi- pose Tissue and the Metabolic Syndrome in Community Participants in South Africa / R. D. Prakaschandra, D. P. Naidoo // Journal of cardiovascular echography. – 2018. – Vol. 28, N 3. – P. 160–165. – DOI: 10.4103/jcecho. jcecho_71_17 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/ psychology/metabolic-syndrome
10. Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis / D. K. Tobias, M. Chen, J. E. Manson [et al.] // The Lancet Diabetes & En- docrinology. – 2015. – Vol. 3, N 12. – P. 968–979. – DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00367-8
11. A modified Mediterranean diet score is associated with a lower risk of incident metabolic syndrome over 25 years among young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study / L. M. Steffen, Van L. Horn, M. L. Daviglus [et al.] // British Journal of Nutrition. – 2014. – Vol. 112, N 10. – P. 1654–1661. – DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514002633
12. Pucci A. New medications for treatment of obesity: metabolic and cardiovascular effects / A. Pucci, N. Finer // Canadian Journal of Cardiology. –2015. – Vol. 31, N 2. – P. 142–152. – DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.11.010
13. The comprehensive summary of surgical versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / J. Cheng, J. Gao, X. Shuai [et al.] // Oncotarget. – 2016. – Vol. 7, N 26. – P. 39216–39230. – DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9581
14. The effects of bariatric surgery on cardiac function: a systematic review and meta-analysis / N. Sargsyan, J. Y. Chen, R. Aggarwal [et al.] // International journal of obesity. – 2023. – Nov. 25. – DOI: 10.1038/s41366- 023-01412-3
15. Serra-Majem L. Mediterranean Diet / L. Serra-Majem, A. Ortiz-Andrellucchi, A. Sánchez-Villegas // Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. – 2019. – Vol. 2. – P. 292–301. – URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/B9780081005965220544
16. Benefits of the Mediterranean diet: insights from the PREDIMED Study / M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, J. Salas- Salvado, R. Estruch [et al.] // Progress in cardiovascular diseases. – 2015. – Vol. 58, N 1. – C. 50–60. – DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003
17. Mozaffarian D. The 2015 US Dietary Guidelines: lifting the ban on total dietary fat / D. Mozaffarian, D. S. Lud- wig // JAMA. – 2015. – Vol. 313, N 24. – P. 2421–2422. – DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.5941
18. Mediterranean Diet and its Effect on Endothelial Function: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review / K. Fatima, A. M. Rashid, U. A. A. Memon [et al.] // Irish Journal of Medical Science. – 2023. – Vol. 192, N 1. – P. 105–113. – DOI: 10.1007/s11845-022-02944-9
19. Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial / N. Babio, E. Toledo, R. Estruch [et al.] // Canadian Medical Association journal. – 2014. – Vol. 186, N 17. – E649–657. – DOI: 10.1503/ cmaj.140764
20. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome occurrence: a meta- analysis of observational studies / J. Godos, G. Zappalà, S. Bernardini [et al.] // International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. – 2017. – Vol. 68, N 2. – P. 138–148. – DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016
21. Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Compre- hensive Review / S. Castro-Barquero, A. M. Ruiz-León, M. Sierra-Pérez [et al.] // Nutrients. – 2020. – Vol. 12, N 10. – P. 2983. – DOI: 10.3390/nu12102983
22. The association between healthy lifestyle score and risk of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study / M. Vajdi, A. Karimi, M. A. Farhangi [et al.] // BMC Endocrine Disorders. – 2023. – Vol. 23, N 16. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01270-0
23. Maiorino M. I. Diabetes and sexual dysfunction: current perspectives / M. I. Maiorino, G. Bellastella, K. Esposito // Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy. – 2014. – Vol. 7. – P. 95–105. – DOI: 10.2147/ DMSO.S36455
24. Dayi T. Effects of the Mediterranean diet on the components of metabolic syndrome / T. Dayi, M. Ozgoren // Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene. – 2022. – Vol. 63, N 2 (Suppl. 3). – P. E56–E64. – DOI: 10.15167/2421- 4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2747
25. Mediterranean Diet and Obesity-related Disorders: What is the Evidence? / G. Muscogiuri, L. Verde, C. Sulu [et al.] // Current Obesity Reports. – 2022. – Vol. 11. – P. 287– 304. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-022-00481-1
26. Dietary patterns and the risks of metabolic syn- drome and insulin resistance among young adults: Evidence from a longitudinal study / T. W. Ushula, A. Mamun, D. Darssan [et al.] // Clinical Nutrition. – 2022. – Vol. 41, iss. 7. – P. 1523–1531. – DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.006
27. Dietary patterns and relationship to obesity-related health outcomes and mortality in adults 75 years of age or greater / P. Y. Hsiao, D. C. Mitchell, D. L. Coffman [et al.] // The journal of nutrition, health & aging. – 2013. – Vol. 17, N 6. – P. 566–572. – DOI: 10.1007/s12603-013-0014-y
28. Al-Qawasmeh R. H. Dietary and Lifestyle Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome: Literature Review / R. H. Al- Qawasmeh, R. F. Tayyem // Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science. – 2018. – Vol. 6, N 3. – DOI : http:// dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.03
29. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Di- etary Pattern Is Associated with Reduced Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents / G. Asghari, E. Yuzbashian, P. Mirmiran [et al.] // The Journal of Pediatrics. – 2016. – Vol. 174. – P. 178–184. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.077
30. Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet v. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: a randomised cross-over clinical trial / P. Saneei, M. Hashemipour, R. Kelishadi [et al.] // The British journal of nutrition. – 2013. – Vol. 110, N 12. – P. 2250–2259. – DOI: 10.1017/ S0007114513001724
31. Adherence to the DASH diet and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women / P. Saneei, E. Fallahi, F. Barak [et al.] // European journal of nutrition. – 2015. – Vol. 54, N 3. – P. 421–428. – DOI: 10.1007/ s00394-014-0723-y
32. Root M. M. DASH-like diets high in protein or monounsaturated fats improve metabolic syndrome and calculated vascular risk / M. M. Root, H. R. Dawson // International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. – 2013. – Vol. 83, N 4. – P. 224–231. – DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000164
33. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and inflammation markers in metabolic syndrome—a randomized study (SYSDIET) / M. Uusitupa, K. Hermansen, M. J. Savolainen [et al.] // Journal of internal medicine. – 2013. – Vol. 274, N 1. – P. 52–66. – DOI: 10.1111/joim.12044
34. Sabaté J. A look at vegetarian diets and the risk of metabolic syndrome/ J. Sabaté, M. Wien // British Journal of Nutrition.– 2015. – No 113 (S2). – Р. S136–S143. –DOI:10.1017/S0007114514004139
35. Turner-McGrievy G. Key elements of plant-based diets associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome / G. Turner-McGrievy, M. Harris // Current diabetes reports. – 2014. – Vol. 14, N 9. – P. 524. – DOI: 10.1007/ s11892-014-0524-y
36. Certain dietary patterns are beneficial for the metabolic syndrome: reviewing the evidence / E. K. Calton, A. P. James, P. K. Pannu [et al.] // Nutrition research. – 2014. – Vol. 34, N 7. – P. 559–568. – DOI: 10.1016/j. nutres.2014.06.012
37. Bielefeld D. The Effects of Legume Consumption on Markers of Glycaemic Control in Individuals with and without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Literature Review of Randomised Controlled Trials / D. Bielefeld, S. Grafenauer, A. Rangan // Nutrients. – 2020. – Vol. 12, N 7. – P. 2123. – DOI: 10.3390/nu12072123
38. Sala-Vila A. New insights into the role of nutrition in CVD prevention / A. Sala-Vila, R. Estruch, E. Ros // Cur- rent cardiology reports. – 2015. – Vol. 17, N 5. – P. 26. – DOI: 10.1007/s11886-015-0583-y
39. Relationship between legumes consumption and metabolic syndrome: findings of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program / F. Sajjadi, M. Gharipour, N. Mohammadifard [et al.] // ARYA atherosclerosis. – 2014. – Vol. 10, N 1. – P. 18–24.
40. Yanai H. Effects of Intake of Soy and Non-Soy Legume on Serum HDL-Cholesterol Levels / H. Yanai, N. Tada // Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. – 2018. – Vol. 8, N 5. – P. 83–86. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.14740/ jem524w
41. Consumption of underutilised grain legumes and the prevention of type II diabetes and cardiometabolic dis- eases: Evidence from field investigation and physico- chemical analyses [Electronic resource] / M. Hamadou, M. M. Martin Alain, F. V. Obadias [et al.] // Environ- mental Challenges. – 2022. – N 9. – P. 100621. – Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S2667010022001779
42. Legume and soy food intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study / R. Vil- legas, Y. T. Gao, G. Yang [et al.] // The American journal of clinical nutrition. – 2008. – Vol. 87, N 1. – P. 162–167. – DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.1.162
43. Cereal, fruit and vegetable fibre intake and the risk of the metabolic syndrome: a prospective study in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study / S. Hosseinpour-Niazi, P. Mirmiran, S. Mirzaei [et al.] // Journal of human nutrition and dietetics. – 2015. – Vol. 28, N 3. – P. 236–245. – DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12242
44. Effect of soluble fiber on blood pressure in adults: a
    systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / A. Ghavami, S. Banpouri, R. Ziaei [et al.] // Nutrition journal. – 2023. – Vol. 22, N 1. – P. 51. – DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00879-0
45. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response metaanalysis of prospective studies / R. E. Halvorsen, M. Elvestad, M. Molin, D. Aune // BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. – 2021. – Vol. 4, N 2. – P. 1–13. – DOI: 10.1136/ bmjnph-2020-000218
46. Effect of fruits and vegetables on metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / J. Y. Shin, J. Y. Kim, H. T. Kang [et al.] // International journal of food sciences and nutrition. – 2015. – Vol. 66, N 4. – P. 416–425. – DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1025716
47. Madsen H. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies / H. Madsen, A. Sen, D. Aune // European journal of nutrition. – Vol. 62, N 5. – P. 1941–1955. – DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03145-5
48. Bowen K. J. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Are There Benefits? / K. J. Bowen, W. S. Harris, P. M. Kris-Etherton // Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. – 2016. – Vol. 18, N 11. – P. 69. – DOI: 10.1007/s11936-016-0487-1
49. Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Car- diovascular Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes: A Meta- analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials [Electronic resource] / L. Huang, F. Zhang, P. Xu [et al.] // Advances in Nutrition. – 2023. – Vol. 14, iss. 5. – P. 1250–1251. – Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S2161831323002946
50. Kern H. J. Role of nutrients in metabolic syndrome: a 2017 update [Electronic resource] / H. J. Kern, S. H. Mitmesser // Nutrition and Dietary Supplements. – 2018. – Vol. 10. – P. 13–26. – Access mode : https://doi. org/10.2147/NDS.S148987
51. The association between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults, a cross-sectional population-based study (findings from Bandare-Kong Non-Communicable Disease Cohort Study) [Electronic resource] / M. Kheirandish, F. Dastsouz, A. Azarbad [et al.] // Reseatch Square. – 2023. – Access mode : https:// doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3444387/v1
52. Kim J. Grains, vegetables, and fish dietary pattern is inversely associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome in South Korean adults / J. Kim, I. Jo // Journal of the american dietetic association. – 2011. – Vol. 111, N 8. – P. 1141–1149.
53. Associations between Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / Y.-A. Lee, S.-W. Song, S.-H. Kim, H.-N. Kim // Nutrients. – 2023. – Vol. 15, N 12. – P. 2676. – DOI: 10.3390/nu15122676
54. Fish Oil Improves Pathway-Oriented Profiling of Lipid Mediators for Maintaining Metabolic Homeostasis in Adipose Tissue of Prediabetic Rats / G. Dasilva, S. Lois, L. Méndez [et al.] // Frontiers in Immunology. – 2021. – Vol. 12. – Р. 608875. – DOI: 10.3389/ fimmu.2021.608875
55. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Metabolic Synd rome Risk: A Meta-Analysis / X. F. Guo, X. Li, M. Shi, D.Li//Nutrients.–2017.–Vol.9,N7.–P.703.–DOI: 10.3390/nu9070703
56. Effects of fatty and lean fish intake on stroke risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies / Z. Z. Qin, J. Y. Xu, G. C. Chen [et al.] // Lipids in health and disease. – 2018. – Vol. 17, N 1. – P. 264. – DOI: 10.1186/ s12944-018-0897-z
57. Effects of whole grain, fish and bilberries on serum metabolic profile and lipid transfer protein activities: a randomized trial (Sysdimet) / M. Lankinen, M. Kolehmainen, T. Jaaskelainen [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2014. – Vol. 9, N 2. – P. e90352. – DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090352
58. Hypocaloric diet associated with the consumption of jam enriched with microencapsulated fish oil decreases insulin resistance / A. P. Soares de Oliveira Carvalho, S. Kimi Uehara, J. F. Nogueria Netto [et al.] // Nutrición hospitalaria. – 2014. – Vol. 29, N 5. – P. 1103–1108. – DOI: 10.3305/nh.2014.29.5.6654
59. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension: Is There Any Good News? / G. Brosolo, A. Da Porto, S. Marcante [et al.] // International journal of molecular sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 24, N 11. – P. 9520. – DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119520
60. The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid-based dietary supplements on disease biomarkers in a metabolic syndrome/diabetes population / T. C. Lee, P. Ivester, A. G. Hester [et al.] // Lipids in health and disease. – 2014. – Vol. 13. – P. 196.
61. The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Intervention of Type 2 Diabetes / Y. Guo, Z. Huang, D. Sang [et al.] // Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. – 2020. – Vol. 8. – P. 575442. – DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.575442
62. Dairy products consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of observa- tional studies / G. C. Chen, I. M. Szeto, L. H. Chen [et al.] // Scientific Reports. – 2015. – Vol. 5. – P. 14606. – DOI: 10.1038/srep14606
63. Kim Y. Dairy consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis / Y. Kim, Y. Je // Diabetic medi- cine. – 2016. – Vol. 33, N 4. – P. 428–440. – DOI: 10.1111/ dme.12970 (повтор No 68)
64. Consumption of yogurt, low-fat milk, and other low-fat dairy products is associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome incidence in an elderly Mediterranean population / N. Babio, N. Becerra-Tomas, M. A. Martinez- Gonzalez [et al.] // The Journal of nutrition. – 2015. – Vol. 145, N 10. – P. 2308–2316. – DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.214593
65. Dairy consumption and insulin resistance: the role of body fat, physical activity, and energy intake / L. A. Tucker, A. Erickson, J. D. LeCheminant, B. W. Bailey // Journal of diabetes research. – 2015. – Vol. 2015. – P. 206959. – DOI: 10.1155/2015/206959
66. Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies / D. Aune, T. Norat, P. Romundstad, L. J. Vatten // The American journal of clinical nutrition. – 2013. – Vol. 98, N 4. –P. 1066–1083. – DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.059030
67. Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis / D. Gao, N. Ning, C. Wang [et al.] // PLoS One. – 2013. – Vol. 8, N 9. – P. e73965. – DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073965
68. Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: potential mechanisms and future directions / K. M. Hirahatake, J. L. Slavin, K. C. Maki, S. H. Adams // Metabolism. – 2014. – Vol. 63, N 5. – P. 618–627. – DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.009
69. Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis / J. Y. Shin, P. Xun, Y. Nakamura, K. He // The American journal of clinical nutrition. – 2013. – Vol. 98, N 1. – P. 146–159. – DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051318
70. Cholesterol and egg intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study / K. Kurotani, A. Nanri, A. Goto [et al.] // The British journal of nutrition. – 2014. – Vol. 112, N 10. – P. 1636–1643. – DOI: 10.1017/S000711451400258X
71. Egg consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Fac- tor Study / J. K. Virtanen, J. Mursu, T. P. Tuomainen [et al.] // The British journal of nutrition. – 2015. – Vol. 101, N 5. – P. 1088–1096. – DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104109
72. Long-term association between dairy consumption and risk of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies / L. Lu, P. Xun, Y. Wan [et al.] // European journal of clinical nutrition. – 2016. – Vol. 70, N 4. – P. 414–423. – DOI: 10.1038/ ejcn.2015.226Yogurt consumption, weight change and risk of over- weight/obesity: the SUN cohort study / M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, C. Sayon-Orea, M. Ruiz-Canela [et al.] // Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases. – 2014. – Vol. 24, N 14. – P. 1189–1196. – DOI: 10.1016/j. numecd.2014.05.015

73. Changes in Types of Dietary Fats Influence Long-term Weight Change in US Women and Men / X. Liu, Y. Li, D. K. Tobias [et al.] // The Journal of nutrition. – 2018. – Vol. 148, N 11. – P. 1821–1829. – DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy183
74. Dairy products consumption and the risk of hyperten- sion in adults: An updated systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies [Electronic resource] / Z. Heidari, N. R. Pour Fard, Cain C. T. Clark, F. Haghighatdoost // Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. – 2021. – Vol. 31, iss. 7. – P. 1962–1975. – Access mode : https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/abs/pii/S0939475321001290
75. Hoadley J. Food Synergy: An Operational Concept for Understanding Nutrition [Electronic resource] / J. Hoadley // Journal of Food, Nutrition and Population Health. – 2022. – Vol. 6, iss. 9. – P. 47. – Access mode : https://www.primescholars.com/articles/food-synergy- an-operational-concept-for-understanding-nutrition.pdf